Salud e higiene oral en los adolescentes gallegos / Oral health and hygiene status in Galician schoolchildren

OBJETIVO: Conocer el estado de salud e higiene oral entre los escolares gallegos de 12 años. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal realizado en el curso 2010-2011 en una muestra de 1.267 escolares. La información sociodemográfica, sobre dieta y hábitos de higiene oral de los participantes se recogió con cuestionarios autocumplimentados. A los participantes se les realizó una exploración de la cavidad oral, de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para valorar la presencia de placa y de caries. Se estimaron medias y prevalencias acompañadas de intervalos de confianza del 95% y se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Participaron en el estudio 1.045 escolares; en el 35% la eliminación de la placa era incorrecta y el 39,3% tenían caries. La presencia de caries fue mayor entre los escolares de clases sociales más desfavorecidas y la frecuencia diaria de cepillado se asoció con una mejor salud oral. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario diseñar e implantar programas educativos orientados a los escolares con el objetivo de mejorar su higiene y salud oral

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the oral health and hygiene status in 12 year-old Galician schoolchildren. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1267 schoolchildren. The fieldwork was carried out in the 2010-2011 academic year. Information regarding socio-demographic status, dietary habits, and oral hygiene practices was obtained through a structured self-report questionnaire given to the children at school. Dental examination to evaluate plaque and caries was carried out according to World Health Organization criteria. The prevalence and mean with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and logistic regression models were ajusted. RESULTS: Out of a total of 1045 pupils who participated in the study, 35% showed incorrect removal of dental plaque, and the prevalence of caries was 39.3%. Those who belonged to a lower socioeconomic group showed a higher prevalence of caries. Those who brushed their teeth daily had better oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: Educational programmes need to be designed and implemented in order to improve dental health and hygiene

[Oral health and hygiene status in galician schoolchildren]. / Salud e higiene oral en los adolescentes gallegos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the oral health and hygiene status in 12 year-old Galician schoolchildren. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 1267 schoolchildren. The fieldwork was carried out in the 2010-2011 academic year. Information regarding socio-demographic status, dietary habits, and oral hygiene practices was obtained through a structured self-report questionnaire given to the children at school. Dental examination to evaluate plaque and caries was carried out according to World Health Organization criteria. The prevalence and mean with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and logistic regression models were ajusted. RESULTS: Out of a total of 1045 pupils who participated in the study, 35% showed incorrect removal of dental plaque, and the prevalence of caries was 39.3%. Those who belonged to a lower socioeconomic group showed a higher prevalence of caries. Those who brushed their teeth daily had better oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: Educational programmes need to be designed and implemented in order to improve dental health and hygiene.

Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without a medical prescription: a cross-sectional study in the north of Spain.

OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern and is greatly exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic use at a community level. The aim of this study was to ascertain which attitudes of community pharmacists were related to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of community pharmacists in a region situated in northern Spain (n = 393). Personal interviews were conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The degree of agreement with each item of knowledge and attitude was measured using an unnumbered, horizontal visual analogue scale, with replies being scored from 0 (total disagreement) to 10 (total agreement). The data were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the total of 286 pharmacists (72.8%) who completed the questionnaire, 185 (64.7%) acknowledged having undertaken dispensing of antibiotics without a medical prescription (DAwMP). Attitudes such as patient complacency, external responsibility, indifference and insufficient knowledge were shown to be related to DAwMP. In contrast, no association was found with any of the pharmacists' personal or professional traits. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that, albeit unlawful, DAwMP is a common practice in Spanish pharmacies. DAwMP was seen to be usually associated with some of the attitudes evaluated.

Exposure to traffic and risk of hospitalization due to injuries.

Research on the risk of motor vehicle injuries and their relationship with the amount of travel has been only partially analyzed. The few individual exposure assessments are related to very specific subsets of the driving and traveling populations. This study analyzes the relationship between kilometers traveled and hospitalization due to motor vehicle injuries. Twelve thousand three hundred and sixty nine Spanish university graduates from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra multipurpose cohort study were evaluated. They had not been hospitalized due to motor vehicle injuries at baseline and were followed up to eight years. Biannual questionnaires allowed for self-reporting of kilometers traveled in motor vehicles, together with incidence of hospitalization. Covariates in the Cox regression models included age and gender and baseline use of safety belt while driving, driving a vehicle with driver-side airbag, driving a motorcycle, and drinking and driving. There were 49,766 participant-years with an average yearly travel of 7,828 km per person-year. Thirty-six subjects reported a first hospitalization event during this time. The adjusted hazard ratio per additional kilometer traveled was 1.00005 (95% confidence interval 1.000013 to 1.000086). Even the smallest of reductions in the amount of kilometers traveled (from an average of 3,250 km per year to 1,000) has a statistically significant protective effect on the likelihood of sustaining hospitalization due to motor vehicle injury (aHR 0.9, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.98). In light of current policies aimed to reduce motorized traffic due to environmental concerns, it may be appropriate to consider the additional health benefit related to reductions in injuries.

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association between knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health in 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to analyse the findings in terms of the conventional KAP health-education model and of the critical approach. STUDY DESIGN: This study has a cross sectional design. The study participants were 1105 randomly selected 12-year-old children resident in the region of Galicia in Spain. For data collection, five teams of one dentist and one assistant were formed. The dentist carried out the physical examination and the assistant helped the subjects to answer the questionnaire. Knowledge, attitudes and practice were assessed, as well as oral health indicators. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify variables affecting practice (as measured by extent of plaque). RESULTS: The results of this study show how that there is an important association between oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren in this region. However, the results also show that attitude is not totally explained by knowledge, so that attitude cannot be understood simply as an intermediate variable in a knowledge practice causal chain. Specifically, the results indicate that sociocultural environment modifies the association knowledge, attitudes and practice. CONCLUSIONS: Within oral health education it is clearly important to increase public knowledge of the risk factors for dental disease. However, the efficacy of such education will be limited if health programs do not directly impinge on attitudes, and take into account factors related to the environment, education, social status and economic level of the targeted population.

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren

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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the association between knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health in 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to analyse the findings in terms of the conventional KAP health-education model and of the critical approach.Study design: This study has a cross sectional design. The study participants were 1105 randomly selected 12-year-old children resident in the region of Galicia in Spain. For data collection, five teams of one dentist and one assistant were formed. The dentist carried out the physical examination and the assistant helped the subjects to answer the questionnaire.Knowledge, attitudes and practice were assessed, as well as oral health indicators. Multiple regression analysiswas used to identify variables affecting practice (as measured by extent of plaque).Results: The results of this study show how that there is an important association between oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practice in 12-year-old schoolchildren in this region. However, the results also show that attitude is not totallyexplained by knowledge, so that attitude cannot be understood simply as an intermediate variable in a knowledge¨ practice causal chain. Specifically, the results indicate that sociocultural environment modifies the association knowledge, attitudes and practice.Conclusions: Within oral health education it is clearly important to increase public knowledge of the risk factors for dental disease. However, the efficacy of such education will be limited if health programs do not directly impinge onattitudes, and take into account factors related to the environment, education, social status and economic level of the targeted population

Factors related to dental health in 12-year-old children: a cross-sectional study in pupils.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors related to the prevalence of caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a representative sample (n = 1217) of the population of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Galiza (northwest Spain). Independent variables were measured through a questionnaire, and dependent variables were determined through oral examination. Multiple and logistic regression were applied. RESULTS: The decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth/decayed, filled primary teeth (DMFT-dft) value in the sample was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-1.98), the DMFT value was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.37-1.67), and the prevalence of caries was 61% (95% CI, 57.7-64.5). The prevalence of caries was directly related to a low frequency of brushing, greater use of toothpaste, and a higher consumption of sweets. The prevalence of caries was higher in rural than in urban areas. In contrast, the higher the mother's level of education and the greater the subject's knowledge of dental health, the lower the prevalence of caries. CONCLUSIONS: The main goals of dental health programmes should be to achieve quality brushing every day in children, to reduce the consumption of sweets, and to increase knowledge of dental health.

Factors related to dental health in 12-year-old children: a cross-sectional study in pupils

Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la prevalencia de caries en escolares de 12 años. Métodos: Estudio transversal sobre una muestra (n = 1.217) de escolares de 12 años de Galicia. Las variables independientes se midieron mediante un cuestionario y las dependientes, a través de exploración bucal. En el análisis estadístico se aplicaron regresión logística y regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: El índice CAO-co en la muestra fue 1,83 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,67-1,98), el índice CAO 1,53 (IC del 95%, 1,37-1,67), mientras que la prevalencia de caries se situó en el 61% (IC del 95%, 57,7-64,5). La prevalencia de caries estuvo directamente asociada a la baja frecuencia del cepillado, al mayor uso de pasta y al elevado consumo de golosinas. La prevalencia de caries determinada en el medio rural fue más alta que en el medio urbano. Por último, el mayor nivel de estudios de la madre y los mayores conocimientos sobre salud oral de los individuos se asocian a una menor prevalencia de caries. Conclusiones: A pesar de la moderada afectación por caries, los principales objetivos de los programas de salud oral para este grupo de edad deben ser: lograr el cepillado dental diario, reducir el consumo de golosinas e incrementar los conocimientos sobre salud oral. Por último, los programas de salud oral deben estar dirigidos principalmente a la población del medio rural y de menor nivel sociocultural

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify factors related to the prevalence of caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a representative sample (n = 1217) of the population of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Galiza (northwest Spain). Independent variables were measured through a questionnaire, and dependent variables were determined through oral examination. Multiple and logistic regression were applied. Results: The decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth/decayed, filled primary teeth (DMFT-dft) value in the sample was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-1.98), the DMFT value was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.37-1.67), and the prevalence of caries was 61% (95% CI, 57.7-64.5). The prevalence of caries was directly related to a low frequency of brushing, greater use of toothpaste, and a higher consumption of sweets. The prevalence of caries was higher in rural than in urban areas. In contrast, the higher the mother's level of education and the greater the subject's knowledge of dental health, the lower the prevalence of caries. Conclusions: The main goals of dental health programmes should be to achieve quality brushing every day in children, to reduce the consumption of sweets, and to increase knowledge of dental health